How do rockets manage to fly despite Earth's gravity?

I’ve always been fascinated by the idea that a massive rocket can launch itself into space. What are the core principles that allow it to overcome Earth's gravitational pull and reach orbit? Is it simply about powerful engines, or are there deeper physical laws at play? I know Newton’s laws are involved somehow, but I’d love to better understand how they apply here. Can someone explain in simple terms what actually causes a rocket to fly?